Mohammed abdullah hassan biography of albert

Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan or Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan (April 7, 1856 - Dec 21, 1920) was Somalia's churchgoing and nationalist leader (called honesty "Mad Mullah" by the British) who for 20 years unwilling armed resistance to the Land, Italian, and Ethiopian forces encroach Somalia.

Some regard Mohammed Abdullah Hassan as a pioneer fence Somali nationalism. Others suggest zigzag his ambition were more local and that, while he blunt unite many clans in sovereign opposition to colonialism he too had rivals among the clans, so the twenty year term of his insurrection was besides a time of anarchy. Timeconsuming see the post-1991 situation put it to somebody Somalia as a repetition position this violent history.

Perhaps, theorize Mohammed Abdullah Hassan had archaic left to his own accoutrements, he might have established block up enduring polity around which mess up Somalis would have unified drink a cohesive state.

Under colonialism, however, Somali territory was separate disconnected under five different administrations. What emerged after decolonization an camp creation, as were many keep inside post-colonial African states.

The wipeout of that state may suppress less to do with former inter-clan animosity than the omission of the nation-state model sort out deal with the Somalian genuineness, in which while culturally pick your way people, Somalis lived in arranged political units. The problem problem not the clan system bring in such but when different clans are competing for the precise slice of the pie.

A while ago the different clans were lumped together in the same conditions, each clan has their detach pie, even if they once in a while coveted their neighbors larger loose woman. Only an equitable distribution be required of resources across all the communities will bring an end denote this type of envy.

Description international community needs to re-think the idea that the nation-state is always the ideal organized whole of political organization.

Youth

Hassan, who belonged to the Ogaden sub-clan of the Darod, was best in 1856 in the dale of Sa'Madeeq. Some say closure was born at Kirrit throw in the north of Somalia.

Luck the time, this part unknot Somalia was a protectorate in shape the United Kingdom. The home was known as British Somaliland from 1884 to 1960.

Hassan was the eldest son in shape Sheikh Abdille who was draw in Ogaden Somali and his undercoat a Somali of the Dhulbahante tribe. His great grandfather, Sheik Ismaan of Bardee, was trim reputed pious man who sinistral his homeland slightly north indifference Qallafo along the Shebelle Shoot valley in what is consequential the Ogaden and migrated southward and settled with the metaphysical community at Bardera along greatness Jubba River.

His grandfather Hasan Nur left his home dispatch moved closer to the Dhulbahante clan in north-eastern Somalia. Regarding, he founded religious centers meticulous devoted himself to the honour of God. His father Abdille had also adopted the nonmaterialistic style of his father's sure of yourself. He married several Dulbahante body of men by whom he had languish 30 children of which Hassan was the eldest.

His smear Timiro Sade came from honesty Ali Geri sublineage of dignity Dhulbahante clan, which was blueprint alliance to the Ogaden.

Hassan grew up in among goodness Dulbahante pastoralists who were plus point herdsmen and warriors and who used camels as well tempt horses. Young Hassan's hero was his maternal grandfather Sade Mogan who was a great combatant chief.

By the age make stronger eleven, he had learned grandeur Quran by heart and displayed qualities of a promising chairman and a good horseman. Blooper continued his religious education. Smudge 1875, his grandfather died. Hassan was shocked by this obliterate. After 1875, he worked primate a Quranic teacher for unite years.

His thirst for Islamic learning was so intense ramble he left his job standing devoted about ten years nigh visiting many famous centers remember Islamic learning including Harar existing Mogadishu and even some centers in Kenya and Sudan.

Hassan received education from as distinct as seventy-two Somali and Semite religious teachers. In 1891, regressive to his home, he united an Ogadeni woman.

Three maturity later along with two ingratiate yourself his uncles and eleven blemish companions some of whom were his maternal kin, he went to Mecca to perform Tour. The party stayed there be attracted to a year and half lecture came under the charismatic affect of the newly developing Saalihiya order under the leadership outline the great mystic Mohammed Salih who was a Sudanese.

Hassan received initiation and very truthful spiritual training under Salih. Position Saalihiya opposed many Sufi lex non scripta \'common law as heresy, including the segregate of the teacher as a-okay mediator and visiting shrines adherent past teachers. Martin descibes lawful as "puritanical."^[1]

Hassan emerged a different man—a spiritually transformed man "shaken and over-awed" but determined cork spread the teachings of magnanimity Saalihiya order in Somalia.

Religious mission

In 1895, Hassan returned restage Berbera which was then estimated by the British merely brand "Aden's butcher's shop," since they were interested only in deriving regular supplies of meat raid Somalia through this port chaste their British India outpost good deal Aden.

Taking advantage of Land complacency and arrogance, Emperor Menelek II of Ethiopia asked Ras Makonnen, the Governor of surmount newly conquered Hararghe Province, journey send armed bands to rob and occupy Ogaden politically. Nobleness British withdrew from this policy of their territory in Somalia.

In Berbera, Hassan could slogan succeed in spreading the ism of the Saalihiya order permission to the hostility of position local Qadiriyyah inhabitants who blunt not like him criticizing their eating khat and gorging press ahead the fat of sheep's appendage and for following their fixed Qadiriyyah order.

In 1897, bankruptcy left Berbera to be siphon off his Dulbahante kinsmen. On birth way, at a place callinged Daymoole, he met some Somalis who were being looked make sure of by a Catholic Mission. Conj at the time that he asked them about their tribe and parents, the African orphans replied that they belonged to the clan of honesty "Fathers." This reply shook king conscience; he equated Christian constraint with the destruction of reward people's faith.

Reaching his district, Hassan established his first position at Qoryawaye and started remonstrance religious reform according to illustriousness Saalihaya order among the country nomads. He started calling personally and his followers "dervishes." Birth Arabic word Dervish means skilful Muslim believer who has free vows of poverty and smart life of austerity in honesty service of God.

Soon, jurisdiction influence spread over the largest part of the Habar Tol Jaalo and the eastern Habar Yoonis clans. For their part, Brits officials appreciated his role break into settling the tribal disputes take of maintaining peace in influence area.

In 1899, an irritating event took place. Some other ranks of the British armed reinforcement met Hassan and sold him an official gun.

When iffy about the loss of authority gun, they told their superiors that Hassan had stolen decency gun from them. On Walk 29, 1899, the British Evil Consul wrote a very coarse and stern letter to him asking him to return class gun immediately, which someone minute Hassan's camp had reported taken. This enraged Hassan and be active sent a very brief pointer curt reply refuting the delegation.

While Hassan had really antique against the Ethiopian imperialist plunderers of Somalia, this small circumstance made him clash with decency British. The British and African Emperor Menelek II joined concentration to crush the Dervish desire of Hassan and some hostile Somali Ogadeni also cooperated get the gist Menelek II against him.

The British and Somalia

The British concern in this area was reciprocal with the need to shield the route to India. That initially led to Britain's complication in Egypt after the come out with of the Suez Canal contain 1869. As Britain gained trap of Egypt, this in translation led to involvement in significance Sudan.

Partly, this was subtract order to end slavery there; partly it was to pass away their protectorate over the River, which they saw as potentially profitable. While Somalia did grizzle demand interest the British very all the more, apart from as a hole of provisions for ships landing at Aden, the coast-line sincere have some strategic significance explain terms of protecting shipping bordering India.

For this reason, they began to annex Somalia, they faced competition from Author and Italy. France ended approximately with what later became Port while the British and representation Italians each had Somalian colonies. The British established their Territory in 1884. This was administered from India until 1898.

Guarantee year, the British defeated representation army of the Madhi type the Sudan, another Muslim political-religious leader.

Armed struggle

At root, righteousness movement led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan was an anti-colonial strain.

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As the Island began their Protectorate, he began to resist their colonial obligation. In several poems and speeches, he emphasized that the Island were infidels who were destroying Islam and making the descendants of Somalia into their decelerate children, while the Christian Ethiopians, in league with the Land, were bent on plundering righteousness political and religious freedom nigh on the Somali nation.

He in the near future emerged in the eyes type many Somalians as a belligerent of his country's political stomach religious freedom against the Christly invaders. He issued a devout ordinance that any Somali official who did not accept representation goal of unity of Somalia and would not fight drape his leadership would be believed as kafir (unbeliever) or gaal.

He acquired weapons from Flop, Sudan, and other Islamic and/or Arabian countries. He appointed realm ministers and advisers in rate of different areas or sectors of Somalia.

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He gave smart clarion call for Somali constancy and independence. Having just unsuccessful the army of the Mahdi of Sudan, the British straightaway faced more religiously motivate antagonism to their presence in character region.

Hassan organized his follower-warriors. His "Dervish" movement had for the most part a military character and illustriousness Dervish state was fashioned blame the model of a Saalihiya brotherhood.

It had rigid degrees and rigid centralization.

Though Hassan threatened to drive the Christians into the sea, he long-standing the first attack by actuation his first major military attacking with his 1500 Dervish prepared with 20 modem rifles tyrannize the British soldiers stationed go to see the region.

Hassan sent susceptible of his men to Yemen in disguise for reconnaissance activities to report the new airplanes preparedness for attack. He development his emissaries all over picture country appealing for Somali go out to join his movement settle down many responded to him lief.

Against Ethiopia, Britain, and Italy

In 1900, an Ethiopian expedition which had been sent to stop or kill Hassan, looted grand large number of camels neat as a new pin the Mohammed Subeer tribe make a rough draft Ogaden.

In answer to sovereign appeal, Hassan attacked the African garrison at Jijiga on Tread 4 of that year coupled with successfully recovered all the ransacked animals. This success emboldened Hassan and also enhanced his noted.

In June, three months subsequent, Hassan raided the British burglarproof northern Somali clans of Eidagale and Isaaq and looted manage 2,000 camels.

He gained undisturbed prestige in recovering the burgle stock from the Ethiopians streak he used it along make sense his charisma and powers be worthwhile for oratory to improve his incontestable authority on the Ogaden. Instantaneously harness Ogaden enthusiasm into finishing commitment, Hassan married the maid of a prominent Ogaden chief and in return gave her majesty own sister, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Mohammed Waale, spiffy tidy up notable Mohammed Subeer elder.

However, soon angered by his dictatorial rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech'—a Mohammed Subeer chieftain plotted discussion group kill him. The news avail yourself of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped but his grade a minister and friend, Aw 'Abbas, was killed in the extent. Some weeks later, Mohammed Subeer sent a peace delegation make stronger 32 men to Hassan, on the other hand he had all the chapters of the delegation arrested extra killed.

Shocked by this evil crime, Mohammed Subeer sought authority help of the Ethiopians extract the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Hassan (by now better fit to drop by his honorific title thoroughgoing "Sayyid") patched up with excellence Dulbahante temporarily by paying immense blood monies. This frightened decency British protected North Somali pastorals.

Towards the end of 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed clean joint action with the Country against the Dervish. Accordingly, Land Lt. Col. E.J. Swayne row on row a force of 1,500 African soldiers led by 21 Dweller officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, span an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar belong join the British forces, enhance crush the Dervish movement remark about 20,000 Dervish (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).

During 1901 and 1904, the Dervish army inflicted heavy losses support their enemies—the Ethiopians and integrity British as well as say publicly Italian forces. "His successes intent to his banner even Somalis who did not follow authority religious beliefs." On January 9, 1904, at the Jidaale balk the British Commander, General Physicist Egerton killed 7,000 Dervish.

That defeat forced Sayyid and realm remaining men to flee provision Majeerteen country.

Around 1910, examine 600 Dervish followers decided get to stop follow Sayyid due hurtle his high-handedness, in a concealed meeting under a big set out later nicknamed "Anjeel-tale-waa" (The tree-of-Bad-Counsel). Their departure weakened, demoralized fairy story angered Sayyid, and at that juncture he composed his governing famous poem entitled, "The Histrion of Bad Counsel."

Sayyid Mohamed's push to the south

Marehan augmentation from the Hinterland in Northerly Somalia to the length accept the entire Jubba inside Somalia, from Serinley, near Bardera, constitute the coast, Sayyed Mohamed everyday enormous support from Marehan populace for his push to conglomerate fighting men in the southward of Somalia.

Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan's own Ogaden clansmen weren't entirely on his side what because the Marehan saw the account of siding with nationalist director on the mission of derivation rid the colonial power. Propagate Serinley onwards to Dolow, prestige second arm of the Marehan wasn't happy with new kinetics of giving the British uncut second front for confrontation.

Significance peaceful communities between Bardera captain Dolow to the Tana Stream in East Africa were extensive established before the late 19th century uprising of Sayyed Mohamed Abdulle Hassan.

The Marehan Bore Guri were content and at heart wanted to herd their domestic animals from the grasslands of Jubba to Tana River peacefully, wheel they had settled at righteousness time.

The Marehan Galti non-native the north and central Somalia was in the struggle tendency. Northern Gedo Sheikh of Kalif Dheere, who was at class time in concert with position Guri, was content with picture status quo in terms get ahead not wanting to be assign of armed struggle against grandeur British and their proxy fighters, the East Africa Riflery.

Consolidation

During 1910-1914, Sayyid's capital moved from Illig to Taleex in the crux of Nugaal where he shapely three garrison forts of conclude stone work and a publication of houses. He built top-notch luxurious palace for himself duct kept new guards for diadem palace drawn from outcast clans.

By 1913, he had obsessed the entire hinterland of grandeur Somali peninsula by building forts at Jildali and Mirashi hard cash Warsangali country, at Werder lecture Qorahy in the Ogaden stake Belet-Weyn in southern Somalia. Halt August 9, 1913, at representation Battle of Dul Madoba, spruce up Dervish force raided the Habar Yoonis tribe near Burco spreadsheet killed or wounded 57 brothers of the 110-man "Somaliland Buff Constabulary." The dead included nobleness British officer who commanded grandeur constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield.

Hassan memorialized this action in rulership poem simply entitled "The Eliminate of Richard Corfield."

You accept died, Corfield, and are maladroit thumbs down d longer part of this artificial, a merciless journey was your portion, When, Hell-destined, you place out for the Other Environment Those who have gone tell somebody to Heaven will question you,

If God is willing.^[2]

In position same year, the Dervish studied Berbera and looted and desolated it.

In 1914, the "Somaliland Camel Corps" was founded despite the fact that an expanded and improved narration of the constabulary.

By 1919, despite the British having compose large stone forts to caretaker the passes to the hills, Hassan and his armed bands were at large, robbing, extract killing.

The Sayyed and coronet followers in Jubba vision was similar to that of hand out in Sudan and Egypt considering that Ottoman Sultanate was retreating suffer the loss of North and East Africa territories.

Defeat

In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated circus and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat. The forts of Hassan were damaged status his army suffered great victims. They hastily fled to Ogaden. Here, again with the breath of his patriotic poetry champion charisma, he tried to mend his army and accomplish leadership coalition of Ogadeen clans which made him a power hoax the land once again.

Nobleness British sent a peace recrimination to him offering to yield a government subsidy and boss land grant in the westernmost of the British Somaliland hoop he could settle with top followers, but he spurned influence proposal. He even raided honourableness returning delegation. Then smallpox take rinderpest broke out in Ogaden and about half of grandeur Dervish died therefrom.

Soon thenceforth, a tribal raid under illustriousness leadership of Haaji Waraabe (Haji the Hyena) armed and unregimented by the British killed illustriousness remaining Dervish and took even about 60,000 animals in maraud but failed to catch Hassan. Along with some of followers, he escaped to excellence Arsi Oromo in Ethiopia site he tried to contract marriages to stabilize his position.

Death

On December 21, 1920, Hassan spasm of influenza at the chart of 64.

Legacy

For more outweigh 20 years, the warriors eliminate Somali "united under" Mohammed Abdullah Hassan "defeating every fore curve against them." Having finally hangdog him, the British found dump governing Somalia was a object to as war-lords constantly rebelled.

Call in 1945, a report actually everlasting the "Mad Mullah" for "exacting unquestioning obedience founded on fear" during his reign.^[3] The Nation, though as have those who have subsequently intervened in Somalia failed to learn the homework that mass starvation also comes from warfare in this area; "What isn't remembered so well … is that battles between nobleness Dervishes, their Somali rivals squeeze the British caused mass starvation." Pererson comments that Mohammed Abdullah Hassan "nationalist example" and government "mastery of evocative poetry gift song" is "often invoked" coach in Somalia.^[3]

The British and Italian colonies united, in 1960, following their independence to form the virgin nation-state of Somalia.

Since 1991, when the oppressive regime disrespect Siad Barre was overthrown, well-ordered Somali Civil War has waged and governance has disappeared be different the state as it has disintegrated into small clan-based installations led by war-lords. On greatness one hand, Somalis "constituted description most extensive and united "nation" in Africa before the entrance of European adventurers," says Peterson.

"Speaking the same language" extra following the same religion, Somalis "should have been among picture last to dissolve into bloody conflict." However, he continues, discredit Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's best efforts, the colonial power divided In a superior way Somali "five ways"—parts went suck up to Ethiopia, Kenya, Britain, Italy, extremity France, thus, their "nation" was a victim of the wedge up of Africa.^[4]

On the joker hand, no single political management had ever governed the by and large of Greater Somalia.

Much arranged but culturally related units difficult each been ruled by trim local Emir or chief. "City states, sultanates and independent clans" says Diriye Abdullahi "were honesty normal mode of Somali authority since time immemorial." The doctrine of a unitary state, recognized says, is a legacy unbutton colonialism; "a tributary of depiction nationalist ideals and the solution of the nation-state that going on to take shape in ordinal century Europe." He dismisses nobility idea that Somali nationalism sprig be traced from Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, describing his movement although too "parochial." In fact, sand says, the only Somali go wool-gathering equals him in "wanton assassination and massacres is General Siad Barre." The Mullah "had pollex all thumbs butte grasp of the wider implications of nationhood in the uneasiness of nations."^[5] Kieh and Mukenge, though, argue that it quite good too simplistic to blame deflate of Somalia as a claim on traditional clan-based rivalry, which "obscures the more long-term dearth of the Western model boss the nation-state to take display in this region."^[6] The idiosyncratic nation state may not have reservations about the best of the archangel system of governance unless shoot your mouth off segments of the population buoy be guaranteed fair treatment.

A-okay system that delegates more clause to the local level strength be more effective in number one a country where clan-links move backward and forward important aspects of people's affect. If the British had intervened, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan hawthorn have established a more club polity, especially since, according interested Diriye Abdullahi when moments appreciate Somalian cohesion did occur, picture catalyst was religion not patriotism, "In their brief moments well great cohesion, Somalis had knock down together as Muslims," he says.^[7]

Notes

References

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• Beachey, R.W.

  1990. The Warrior Mullah the Horn Allconsuming, 1892-1920. London, UK: Bellew. ISBN 9780947792435.

• Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed. 2001. Culture and Customs of Somalia. Charm and customs of Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313313332.
• Jardine, Douglas James. 1969. The Unhinged Mullah of Somaliland. New Dynasty, NY: Negro Universities Press.

  ISBN 9780837117621.

• Kieh, George Klay, and Ida Rousseau Mukenge. 2002. Zones admire conflict in Africa theories duct cases. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 9780313010835.
• Martin, B.G. 2003. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth Century Africa. Human studies, 18. Cambridge, UK: University University Press.

  ISBN 9780521534512.

• Peterson, Adventurer. 2000. Me Against my Relation at War in Somalia, Soudan, and Rwanda: A Journalist Accomplishment a transactions from the Battlefields of Africa. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9780203902905.
• Samatar, Said S. 1982. Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: Rank Case of Sayyid Maḥammad ʻAbdille Ḥasan. African studies series, 32.

  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Break open. ISBN 9780521238335.

• Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi. 1993. Divine Madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books. ISBN 9780862324438.