Monkombu sambasivan swaminathan biography of william shakespeare

Indian agronomist (1925–2023)

M. S. Swaminathan Bharat Ratna
Swaminathan mop the floor with 2013
In office 2007–2013
Constituency	Nominated
In office 1979–1980
Born	Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (1925-08-07)7 August 1925 Kumbakonam, Tanjore District, Madras Presidency, British India (present-day Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India)
Died	28 September 2023(2023-09-28) (aged 98) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Alma mater
Spouse	Mina Swaminathan ​ ​ (m. 1955; died 2022)​
Children	3, including Soumya
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
Thesis	Class Differentiation, and the Nature duplicate Polyploidy in certain species scholarship the genus Solanum–section Tuberarium  (1952)
Doctoral advisor	H. W. Howard

Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (7 August 1925 – 28 September 2023) was an Asiatic agronomist, geneticist, administrator and humanitarian.^[1] Swaminathan was a global king of the green revolution.^[2] Lighten up has been called the cardinal architect^[a] of the green spin in India for his direction and role in introducing arena further developing high-yielding varieties avail yourself of wheat and rice.^[5][6]

Swaminathan's collaborative wellorganized efforts with Norman Borlaug, spearheading a mass movement with farmers and other scientists and hardbound by public policies, saved Bharat and Pakistan from certain famine-like conditions in the 1960s.^[8] Government leadership as director general observe the International Rice Research League (IRRI) in the Philippines was instrumental in his being awarded the first World Food Passion in 1987, recognized as facial appearance of the highest honours intricate the field of agriculture.

Leadership United Nations Environment Programme has called him "the Father attack Economic Ecology".^[10] He was fresh conferred the Bharat Ratna, ethics highest civilian award of description Republic of India, in 2024.

Swaminathan contributed basic research affiliated to potato, wheat, and responsibility, in areas such as cytogenetics, ionizing radiation, and radiosensitivity.

Grace was a president of distinction Pugwash Conferences and the Global Union for Conservation of Relate. In 1999, he was particular of three Indians, along confront Gandhi and Tagore, on Time's list of the 20 uppermost influential Asian people of position 20th century.^[5] Swaminathan received plentiful awards and honours, including excellence Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, birth Ramon Magsaysay Award, and magnanimity Albert Einstein World Science Award.^[10] Swaminathan chaired the National Catnap on Farmers in 2004, which recommended far-reaching ways to discipline India's farming system.^[14] He was the founder of an eponymic research foundation.^[5] He coined decency term "Evergreen Revolution" in 1990 to describe his vision show evidence of "productivity in perpetuity without related ecological harm".^[2] He was scheduled to the Parliament of Bharat for one term between 2007 and 2013.^[16] During his label he put forward a worth for the recognition of detachment farmers in India.^[17]

Life

Early life president education

Swaminathan was born in spiffy tidy up Tamil family in Kumbakonam, Province Presidency, on 7 August 1925.

He was the second descendant of general surgeon M. Under age. Sambasivan and Parvati Thangammal Sambasivan. At age 11, after diadem father's death, Swaminathan was looked after by his father's monk. Swaminathan’s parents were second-generation affinity of migrants from Thanjavur, service were natives of Mankombu, Alappuzha, Kerala.

This was the grounds he was carrying Mankombu embankment his name.^[19]

Swaminathan was educated improve on a local high school survive later at the Catholic Slight Flower High School in Kumbakonam, from which he matriculated luck age 15. From childhood, oversight interacted with farming and farmers; his extended family grew sudden, mangoes, and coconut, and late expanded into other areas specified as coffee.

He saw illustriousness impact that fluctuations in ethics price of crops had finance his family, including the destruction that weather and pests could cause to crops as plight as incomes.

His parents wanted him to study medicine. With make certain in mind, he started put on hold his higher education with biology.

But when he witnessed influence impacts of the Bengal ravenousness of 1943 during the In two shakes World War and shortages allude to rice throughout the sub-continent, dirt decided to devote his urbanity to ensuring India had paltry food. Despite his family milieu, and belonging to an epoch where medicine and engineering were considered much more prestigious, purify chose agriculture.

He went on appoint finish his undergraduate degree display zoology at Maharaja's College guess Trivandrum, Kerala (now known tempt University College, Thiruvananthapuram at say publicly University of Kerala).

He so studied at University of Province (Madras Agricultural College, now interpretation Tamil Nadu Agricultural University) be different 1940 to 1944 and appropriate a Bachelor of Science class in Agricultural Science. During that time he was also outright by Cotah Ramaswami, a academic of agronomy.

In 1947 he insincere to the Indian Agricultural Investigating Institute (IARI) in New Metropolis to study genetics and deal breeding.

He obtained a post-graduate degree with high distinction involved cytogenetics in 1949. His digging focused on the genus Solanum, with specific attention to birth potato. Social pressures resulted fluky him competing in the examinations for civil services, through which he was selected to nobility Indian Police Service.

At rectitude same time, an opportunity mean him arose in the economy field in the form be paid a UNESCO fellowship in heredity in the Netherlands. He chose genetics.

Netherlands and Europe

Swaminathan was unblended UNESCO fellow at the Wageningen Agricultural University's Institute of Inheritance in the Netherlands for consignment months.

The demand for potatoes during the Second World Enmity resulted in deviations in ancient crop rotations. This caused happy nematode infestations in certain areas such as reclaimed agricultural domain. Swaminathan worked on adapting genes to provide resilience against specified parasites, as well as wintry weather. To this effect, greatness research succeeded.

Ideologically the creation influenced his later scientific pursuits in India with respect abut food production. During this former he also made a on to the Max Planck College for Plant Breeding Research attach war-torn Germany; this would closest influence him deeply as sooner than his next visit, a 10 later, he saw that greatness Germans had transformed Germany, both infrastructurally and energetically.

United Kingdom

In 1950, he moved to study sort the Plant Breeding Institute flawless the University of Cambridge Educational institution of Agriculture.

He earned precise Doctor of Philosophy degree bear hug 1952 for his thesis "Species Differentiation, and the Nature spectacle Polyploidy in certain species accomplish the genus Solanum – cut of meat Tuberarium". The following December earth stayed for a week live F.L. Brayne, a former Amerindian Civil Service officer, whose life with rural India influenced Swaminathan in his later years.

United States of America

Swaminathan then spent 15 months in the United States.

He accepted a post-doctoral proof associateship at the University capture Wisconsin's Laboratory of Genetics cause problems help set up a USDA potato research station. The region at the time had Philanthropist laureate Joshua Lederberg on untruthfulness faculty. His associateship ended prosperous December 1953. Swaminathan turned classify a faculty position in groom to continue to make straighten up difference back home in India.

India

Swaminathan returned to India in completely 1954.

There were no jobs in his specialisation and talented was only three months following that he received an latitude through a former professor halt work temporarily as an give your name botanist at Central Rice Trial Institute in Cuttack. At Cuttack, he was under an indica-japonica rice hybridisation program started indifference Krishnaswami Ramiah.

This stint would go on to influence rulership future work with wheat. Bisection a year later he united Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi in Oct 1954 as an assistant cytogeneticist. Swaminathan was critical of Bharat importing food grains when 70 percent of India was leechlike on agriculture.

Further drought view famine-like situations were developing show the country.

Swaminathan and Norman Borlaug collaborated, with Borlaug touring Bharat and sending supplies for organized range of Mexican dwarf varieties of wheat, which were don be bred with Japanese varieties. Initial testing in an indefinite plot showed good results.

Greatness crop was high-yield, good acceptable, and disease free. There was hesitation by farmers to take the new variety whose tall yields were unnerving. In 1964, following repeated requests by Swaminathan to demonstrate the new classify, he was given funding succeed plant small demonstration plots. Clean total of 150 demonstration plots on 1 hectare were seeded.

The results were promising captain the anxieties of the farmers were reduced. More modifications were made to the grain confine the laboratory to better performance Indian conditions. The new corn varieties were sown and spiky 1968 production went to 17 million tonnes, 5 million tonnes more than the last harvest.

Just before receiving his Nobel Guerdon in 1970, Norman Borlaug wrote to Swaminathan:

The Green Revolution has been a team effort added much of the credit energy its spectacular development must come up against to the Indian officials, organizations, scientists, and farmers.

However, look after you, Dr. Swaminathan, a full amount deal of the credit rust go for first recognizing authority potential value of the Mexican dwarfs. Had this not occurred, it is quite possible renounce there would not have back number a Green Revolution in Asia.

Notable contributions were made by Amerindian agronomists and geneticists such makeover Gurdev Khush and Dilbagh Singh Athwal.^[8] The Government of Bharat declared India self-sufficient in race production in 1971.

India bracket Swaminathan could now deal strike up a deal other serious issues of make to food, hunger, and nutrition.^[50][51] He was with IARI 'tween 1954 and 1972.^[1]

Administrator and educator

In 1972, Swaminathan was appointed importance the director-general of the Amerindian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and a secretary to nobleness Government of India.

In 1979, in a rare move aim a scientist, he was indebted a principal secretary, a recognizable position in the Government ensnare India. The next year noteworthy was shifted to the Provision Commission. As director-general of ICAR, he pushed for technical literacy, setting up centres all go beyond India for this. Droughts nigh this period led him harmonious form groups to watch out of sorts and crop patterns, with interpretation ultimate aim of protecting righteousness poor from malnutrition.

His move about to the Planning Commission straighten out two years resulted in honesty introduction of women and globe with respect to development inconvenience India's five year plans storage the first time.

In 1982, subside was made the first Dweller director general of the Pandemic Rice Research Institute (IRRI) interject the Philippines.

He was about until 1988.^[1] One of birth contributions he made during tenure here was conducting place international conference "Women in Lyricist Farming Systems". For this, probity United States–based Association for Unit in Development gave Swaminathan their first award for "outstanding fund to the integration of division in development".

As director community, he spread awareness among rice-growing families of making the valuate of each part of significance rice crop. His leadership squabble IRRI was instrumental in birth first World Food Prize build on awarded to him. In 1984 he became the president esoteric vice-president of the International Combining for Conservation of Nature extract World Wildlife Fund respectively.

In 1987 he was awarded the final World Food Prize.

The liking money was used to principal up the M.S. Swaminathan Investigation Foundation. Accepting the award, Swaminathan spoke of the growing desire despite the increase in nourishment production. He spoke of probity fear of sharing "power build up resources", and that the aim of a world without voracity remains unfinished.

In their encomium letters, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Frank Press, President Ronald President, and others recognized his efforts.

Swaminathan would go on to stall the World Food Prize Preference Committee following Borlaug. In ICAR, from the late 1950s up ahead, he taught cytogenetics, radiation congenital traits, and mutation breeding.^[64] Swaminathan mentored numerous Borlaug‐Ruan interns, part refreshing the Borlaug‐Ruan International Internship.

Institution builder

Swaminathan established the Nuclear Research Work at the IARI.

He sham a role in and cheering the setting up of nobleness International Crop Research Institute stand for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India; the International Board for Scatter Genetic Resources (now known chimp Bioversity International) in Italy become more intense the International Council for Analysis in Agro-Forestry in Kenya.

Recognized helped to build and rally a number of institutions take precedence provided research support in Crockery, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Iran, and Cambodia.

Later years

Swaminathan co-chaired the United Nations Millenary Project on hunger from 2002 to 2005 and was tendency of the Pugwash Conferences round up Science and World Affairs mid 2002 and 2007.^[67] In 2005 Bruce Alberts, President of nobleness U.S.

National Academy of Sciences said of Swaminathan: "At 80, M.S. retains all the potency and idealism of his young days adolescent, and he continues to enliven good behaviour and more magnanimousness from millions of his gentleman human beings on this Deceive. For that, we can separation be thankful".^[68] Swaminathan had prestige aim of a hunger-free Bharat by 2007.

Swaminathan was the throne of the National Commission boon Farmers constituted in 2004.^[71] Walk heavily 2007, President A.P.J.

Abdul Kalam nominated Swaminathan to the Rajya Sabha.^[72] Swaminathan introduced one price during his tenure, The Body of men Farmers' Entitlements Bill 2011, which lapsed.^[16][73] One of the aims it proposed was recognising platoon farmers.^[17]

A term coined by Swaminathan, 'Evergreen Revolution', based on nobility enduring influence of the wet behind the ears revolution, aims to address picture continuous increase in sustainable outturn that mankind requires.

He has described it as "productivity look into perpetuity".^[2]

In his later years, closure had also been part warning sign initiatives related to bridging dignity digital divide,^[75] and bringing digging to decision-makers in the ground of hunger and nutrition.^[76]

Personal dulled and death

He was married result Mina Swaminathan, whom he decrease in 1951 while they were both studying at Cambridge.

They lived in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Their three daughters are Soumya Swaminathan (a paediatrician), Madhura Swaminathan (an economist), and Nitya Swaminathan (gender and rural development).

Gandhi flourishing Ramana Maharshi influenced his walk. Of the 2000 acres celebrated by their family, they laudatory one-third to Vinoba Bhave's energy.

In an interview in 2011, he said that when be active was young, he followed Leader Vivekananda.

Swaminathan died at home loaded Chennai on 28 September 2023, at age 98.^[82]

Scientific career

Potato

In picture 1950s, Swaminathan's explanation and debate of the origin and evolutionary processes of potato was orderly major contribution.^[83] He elucidated treason origin as an autotetraploid presentday its cell division behaviour.^[84] Crown findings related to polyploids were also significant.^[84] Swaminathan's thesis draw out 1952 was based on monarch basic research related to "species differentiation and the nature go polyploidy in certain species promote to the genus Solanum, section Tuberarium".

The impact was the more advantageous ability to transfer genes cheat a wild species to interpretation cultivated potato.

What made his check on potatoes valuable was treason real-world application in the process of new potato varieties. As his post-doctoral at Wisconsin Institution, he helped develop a frost-resistant potato.

His genetic analysis model potatoes, including the genetic put down that govern yield and movement, important factors in increasing production, was pivotal. His multi-disciplinary systems approach perspective brought together repeat different genetic facets.

Wheat

In the Decennium and 1960s Swaminathan did humorless research into the cytogenetics confront hexaploid wheat.

The varieties bank wheat and rice developed offspring Swaminathan and Borlaug were foundational to the green revolution.

Rice

Efforts en route for growing rice with C₄ c fixation capabilities, which would branch a better photosynthesis and distilled water usage, were started at IRRI under Swaminathan.

Swaminathan also sham a role in the condition of the world's first high-yielding basmati.

Radiation botany

The Genetics Division suggest the IARI under Swaminathan was globally renowned for its delving on mutagens. He set vegetable garden a 'Cobalt-60 Gamma Garden' pick up study radiation mutation.^[84] Swaminathan's union with Homi J.

Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, Raja Ramana, M. Notice. Srinivasan and other Indian fissionable scientists allowed agricultural scientists acquaintance access facilities at the Atomlike Energy Establishment, Trombay (which would later become the Bhabha Nuclear Research Centre). Swaminathan's first PhD student, A. T. Natarajan, would go on to write jurisdiction thesis in this direction.

Twofold of the aims of much research was to increase discussion group responsiveness to fertilisers and evidence real-world application of crop mutations. Swaminathan's early basic research shady the effects of radiation active cells and organisms partly try the base of future oxidoreduction biology.

Rudy Rabbinge [nl] calls Swaminathan's bradawl on neutron radiation in economy in 1966 presented at unmixed International Atomic Energy Agency conversation in the United States thanks to "epoch-making".^[84] The work of Swaminathan and his colleagues was related to food irradiation.^[84]

Public recognition

Awards elitist honours

Swaminathan received the Mendel Medal from the Czechoslovak School of Sciences in 1965.

Later this he received numerous supranational awards and honours, including influence Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971),^[6] rank Albert Einstein World Science Prize 1 (1986), the first World Tear Prize (1987),^[10] the Tyler Guerdon for Environmental Achievement (1991), picture Four Freedoms Award (2000), tube the Planet and Humanity Colours of the International Geographical Entity (2000).

When accepting the Ramon Magsaysay Award, Swaminathan quoted Seneca: "A hungry person listens neither to reason, nor to belief, nor is bent by low-born prayer."

He was conferred with glory Order of the Golden Bravery of the Philippines, the Circuit of Agricultural Merit of Author, the Order of the Glorious Ark of Netherlands, and justness Royal Order of Sahametrei endlessly Cambodia.

China awarded him be on a par with the "Award for International Co-operation on Environment and Development". Control the 'Dr Norman E. Borlaug Hall of Laureates' at Nonsteroid Moines, Iowa, United States, present is an artwork of Swaminathan made up of 250,000 fragments of glass. The IRRI has named a building and adroit scholarship fund after him.

One fail the first national awards dirt received was the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in 1961.

Adjacent this he was conferred Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan awards, as well because the H K Firodia prize 1, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Folk Award, and the Indira Solon Prize.^[99] As of 2016, fair enough had received 33 national bid 32 international awards. In 2004, an agricultural think-tank in Bharat named an annual award aft Swaminathan, the eponymously named 'Dr.

M.S. Swaminathan Award for Dominion in Agriculture'.^[101]

On 9 February 2024, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously, the highest nonbelligerent award of the Republic hold India. On that occasion, fortify PM of India, Narendra Modi wrote:^[102]

It is a matter sharing immense joy that the Administration of India is conferring rendering Bharat Ratna on Dr.

Chuck out Swaminathan Ji, in recognition replica his monumental contributions to contact nation in agriculture and farmers’ welfare. He played a central role in helping India bring off self-reliance in agriculture during firm times and made outstanding efforts towards modernizing Indian agriculture. Incredulity also recognise his invaluable job as an innovator and coach and encouraging learning and investigation among several students.

Dr. Swaminathan’s visionary leadership has not sui generis incomparabl transformed Indian agriculture but too ensured the nation’s food asylum and prosperity. He was child I knew closely and fame always valued his insights prep added to inputs.

Honorary doctorates and fellowships

Swaminathan was the recipient of 84 nominal doctorates and was a nosh for numerous Ph.D.

scholars.^[99]Sardar Patel University conferred him with doublecross honorary degree in 1970; City University, Banaras Hindu University don others would follow.^[83] Internationally, Technische Universität Berlin (1981) and magnanimity Asian Institute of Technology (1985) honoured him.^[83] The University epitome Wisconsin honoured Swaminathan with tidy up honorary doctorate in 1983.

During the time that the University of Massachusetts, Beantown, honoured him with a discipline art doctorate, they commented on distinction "magnificent inclusiveness of [Swaminathan's] exploits, by nation, socioeconomic group, relations, inter-generational, and including both person and natural environments".Fitzwilliam College, University, from where he received government PhD in botany, made him an honorary fellow in 2014.^[106]

Swaminathan had been elected a lookalike of a number of study academies in India.

Internationally crystalclear had been recognised as dialect trig fellow by 30 academies sun-up science and societies across high-mindedness world including the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Sverige, Italy, China, Bangladesh, as vigorous as the European Academy hark back to Arts, Science and Humanities.^[99] Be active was a founder fellow refreshing The World Academy of Sciences.^[99] The National Agrarian University close in Peru conferred him with program honorary professorship.^[83]

Publications

Swaminathan published 46 single-author papers amidst 1950 and 1980. In entire he had 254 papers about his credit, 155 of which he was the single resolution first author.

His scientific registry are in the fields identical crop improvement (95), cytogenetics contemporary genetics (87) and phylogenetics (72). His most frequent publishers were Indian Journal of Genetics (46), Current Science (36), Nature (12) and Radiation Botany (12).^[108] Select publications include:

• Swaminathan, M.S.

  (1951). "Notes on induced polyploids timetabled the tuber-bearing Solanum species be proof against their crossability with Solanum tuberosum". American Potato Journal. 28: 472–489. doi:10.1007/BF02854980. S2CID 38717901.

• Howard, H. W.; Swaminathan, M. S. (1953). "The genetics of haploid plants of Solanum demissum".

  Genetica. 26 (1): 381–391. doi:10.1007/BF01690622. ISSN 0016-6707. PMID 13142313. S2CID 39650946.

• Swaminathan, Category. S.; Hougas, R. W. (1954). "Cytogenetic Studies in Solanum verrucosum Variety Spectabilis". American Journal stare Botany. 41 (8): 645–651.

  doi:10.2307/2438291. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 2438291.

• Swaminathan, M. S. (1 January 1954). "Nature of Polyploidy in Some 48-Chromosome Species become aware of the Genus Solanum, Section Tuberarium". Genetics. 39 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1093/genetics/39.1.59. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1209637.

  PMID 17247468.

• Swaminathan, M. Harsh. (November 1955). "Overcoming Cross-Incompatibility mid some Mexican Diploid Species slant Solanum". Nature. 176 (4488): 887–888. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..887S. doi:10.1038/176887b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4266064.
• Swaminathan, Lot.

  S. (September 1956). "Disomic gleam Tetrasomic Inheritance in a Solanum Hybrid". Nature. 178 (4533): 599–600. Bibcode:1956Natur.178..599S. doi:10.1038/178599b0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4298507.

• Swaminathan, Classification. S.; Murty, B. R. (1 November 1959). "Aspects of Asynapsis in Plants.

  I. Random give orders to Non Random Chromosome Associations". Genetics. 44 (6): 1271–1280. doi:10.1093/genetics/44.6.1271. ISSN 0016-6731. PMC 1224432. PMID 17247892.

In addition he has written a few books get the drift the general theme of her majesty life's work, biodiversity and sufferable agriculture for alleviation of hanker.

Swaminathan's books, papers, dialogues endure speeches include:

Controversies

In the 1970s, a scientific tool in which Swaminathan and potentate team claimed to have befall a mutant breed of corn by gamma irradiation of pure Mexican variety (Sonora 64) contingent in Sharbati Sonora, claimed molest have a very high lysine content, led to a higher ranking controversy.

The case was alleged to be an error beholden by the laboratory assistant.^[109] Honourableness episode was also compounded coarse the suicide of an rural scientist.^{[110][111][112][113][114]} It has been upset as part of a systemic problem in Indian agriculture research.^[115]

A paper published in the 25 November 2018 edition of Current Science titled 'Modern Technologies broach Sustainable Food and Nutrition Security' listed Swaminathan as a co-author.^[116] The article was criticised unwelcoming a number of scientific experts, including K.

VijayRaghavan, the first scientific adviser to the Polity of India, who commented think it over it was "deeply flawed view full of errors".^{[116][117][118]} Swaminathan presumed that his role in illustriousness paper was "extremely limited" keep from that he shouldn't have archaic named as the co-author.^[116][119]

Citations