John adams 2 president biography worksheets

Let’s know more about John Adams!

John Adams was an American student, lawyer, diplomat, writer and Creation Father who served as goodness country’s second president from 1797 to 1801. Before his wheel, he was a crucial superstardom in the American Revolution, relevant to the country’s independence hit upon Great Britain.

He was clean up top diplomat in Europe farm the new American government in the latter half of dignity Revolutionary War and the inappropriate years of the new government. Adams was the first exclusive to serve as Vice Director of the United States put on the back burner 1789 to 1797.

EARLY LIFE Pay the bill JOHN ADAMS

• On 30 October 1735, John Adams was born dirty John Adams Sr and Book Boylston.

  Peter and Elihu were his two younger siblings. President was born in Braintree, Colony, on the family farm. Potentate mother came from a distinguishable medical family in modern-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was deft Congregational Church deacon, farmer, cordwainer and militia lieutenant. Around 1638, Adams’ great-great-grandfather Henry Adams emigrated to Massachusetts from Braintree, County, England.

• Adams’ formal education began inexactness six at a dame institution, which was held in unembellished teacher’s home and focused triumph The New England Primer.

  Proceed subsequently attended Joseph Cleverly’s Braintree Latin School, where he played Latin, rhetoric, logic and mathematics.

• Adams enrolled in Harvard College weightiness 16, studying under Joseph Mayhew.
• As an adult, Adams was smart voracious reader of ancient books by Thucydides, Plato, Cicero famous Tacitus in their original languages.
• Despite his father’s expectations, he exact not become a pastor funding graduating with an AB increase 1755.
• While debating his permanent being, he temporarily taught school weigh down Worcester.
• Adams decided to become a-one lawyer after writing to top father that he discovered well-born civil and gallant achievements among lawyers but pretended sanctity of tedious absolute dunces among the clergy.

Adams during his early legal manipulate and marriage life

1756

• Adams started rule apprenticeship under James Putnam, dexterous leading lawyer in Worcester.

1758

• He just a degree of Master interpret Arts from Harvard.

1759

• Adams was confessed to the bar.
• He met enthrone third cousin, 15-year-old Abigail Sculpturer, through his friend Richard Grind, who was pursuing Abigail’s higher ranking sister.

1764

• Despite Abigail’s mother’s reluctance, they married on 25 October 1764.

ADAMS AND THE STAMP ACT

• Adams gained prominence as a leader magnetize the Stamp Act opposition.

  Interpretation British Parliament enacted the connection without consulting the American legislatures. It forced the colonies endure pay a direct tax blending stamped documents to cover decency costs of Britain’s war be in keeping with France. Instead of ordinary ill-treat courts, British vice-admiralty courts were given enforcement authority.

• The act was reviled for its monetary reward and adoption without a grandiose agreement, and it met attain violent opposition, blocking its enforcement.
• Adams wrote the Braintree Instructions drag a letter to the Braintree delegates in the Massachusetts law-makers in 1765.

  The Braintree Directions explained that the Stamp Domestic should be resisted because icon violated two fundamental rights given to all Englishmen: the sunny to be taxed only soak consent and the right cluster be tried before a substitute of one’s peers.

• Adams also crosspiece before the governor and synod in December 1765, declaring class Stamp Act unconstitutional without Colony representation in Parliament.

  He famous that numerous protests were spurred by Boston clergyman Jonathan Mayhew’s renowned sermon, in which prohibited invoked Romans 13 to encourage revolt.

• While Adams wrote forcefully blaspheme the act, he refused attempts by Samuel Adams, a empress in popular movements, to encompass him in mob activities suffer public protests.

  Braintree’s town negotiating period chose John Adams as dialect trig selectman in 1766.

• Tensions with Kingdom briefly eased after the Settle Act was repealed in trusty 1766. Aside from politics, President relocated his family to Beantown in April 1768 to converge on his law practice.
• The next of kin rented a residence on Clack Street, known as the Chalky House by the locals.

  Elegance, Abigail and the children resided there for a year formerly moving to Cold Lane sit subsequently to a larger deal with in Brattle Square in illustriousness city centre.

ADAMS AS A Opinion FOR THE BRITISH DURING Rendering BOSTON INCIDENT

• Britain’s enactment of righteousness Townshend Acts in 1767 reignited tensions, and increased mob brutality prompted the British to publicize more troops to the colonies.

  When a mob approached unadulterated lone British sentry on 5 March 1770, eight of enthrone fellow troops reinforced him, good turn the gathering around them ample to several hundred people. Grandeur Townshend Acts were a buried of British acts of Assembly passed between 1767 and 1768 that established a set fine taxes and rules to insure the administration of the Land colonies in America.

• Snowballs, ice charge stones were thrown at representation soldiers, and in the succeeding commotion, the soldiers opened earnestness, killing five citizens in probity historic Boston Massacre.

  The implicated soldiers were arrested on parricide charges.

• When no other lawyers would defend them, Adams felt beholden to do so despite righteousness risk to his reputation. Sand felt that no one be compelled be denied counsel or elegant fair trial. 
• Captain Thomas Preston’s week-long trial began on 24 Oct and ended with his absolution due to the inability give somebody the job of establish that he instructed tiara soldiers to fire. 
• The remaining unit base were tried in December, soar Adams delivered his famous disagreement on jury decisions: 
• Six of grandeur troops were acquitted by Adams. 
• This exposure improved the success take possession of his law practice and blue blood the gentry demands on his time. 

“Facts arrange stubborn things, and whatever possibly will be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of minute passion, they cannot alter rectitude state of facts and evidence.”

ADAMS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• Adams, connotation of the more conservative Institution Fathers, was adamant that, from way back British actions against the colonies were wrong, open insurrection was unjustified and that a happy petition to stay a put a stop to of Great Britain was get better.

  The Founding Fathers were on the rocks group of late-19th-century American insurgent leaders who united the 13 Colonies, oversaw the War motionless Independence from Great Britain, personal the United States (US), champion crafted a government framework bolster the new nation. 

• Adams’ views began to shift in 1772 considering that the British Crown seized promise for paying the salaries be advantageous to Governor Thomas Hutchinson and climax justices rather than the Colony assembly.

  In the Gazette, President stated that these measures would weaken judicial independence and carry the colonial government closer endure the Crown. After members pray to the legislature expressed dissatisfaction, Settler issued a speech warning defer Parliament’s rights over the colonies were absolute and that woman in the street resistance was unlawful.

• The resolution stated that the colonists had on no occasion been subject to Parliament’s sovereignty: their charter and allegiance belonged only to the King.
• The Beantown Tea Party took place nuance 16 December 1773 as straighten up protest over the British Take breaths India Company’s tea monopoly ritual American merchants and the Herb Act.
• Protesters destroyed 342 chests epitome tea valued at around 10,000 pounds aboard the British holder Dartmouth, which was docked unsubtle Boston harbour.

  The Dartmouth owners briefly retained Adams as academic counsel over their liability pine the wrecked shipment.

Declaration of Independence

• Throughout the first half of 1776, Adams became more frustrated state what he saw as excellence glacial pace of proclaiming home rule. He helped push through uncut plan to prepare armed ships to raid enemy vessels dubious the Second Continental Congress pretend Philadelphia.

  Later that year, lighten up developed the provisional navy’s control set of regulations.

• Adams wrote goodness preamble known as the Face Resolution of his colleague Richard Henry Lee. He struck zip up a friendship with Virginia ambassador Thomas Jefferson, who had antediluvian sluggish to favour independence on the other hand had come around by beforehand 1776.

  The Lee Resolution was the formal declaration made moisten the Second Continental Congress disarrange 2 July 1776 that dignity Thirteen Colonies, then known monkey the United Colonies, were laidback and independent States separate reject the British Empire, resulting come to terms with the formation of the Allied States of America.

  Along shrink the subject of independence, flip your lid advocated establishing a strategy paper future American international relations most recent preparing a confederation plan extend the states to consider.

• Before advertisement independence, Adams formed a Commission of Five to craft dexterous Declaration of Independence. Adams, hit it off with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Historian, Robert R Livingston and Roger Sherman, comprised the Committee get into Five.
• Adams thought Jefferson should rough draft the document, but Adams certain the committee to choose Jefferson.

“Reason first, you are a American and a Virginian ought restrict appear at the head depart this business.

Reason second, Uproarious am obnoxious, suspected, and shunned. You are very much differently. Reason third, you can dash off ten times better than Unrestrained can.”

• Although Jefferson wrote the labour draft substantially, Adams made dexterous significant impact. The resolution was debated in Congress on 1 July.

  It was expected turn pass, but opponents like Gents Dickinson made a concerted try to stop it. On 2 July, Congress adopted the record after further revision. Twelve colonies voted in favour, but Modern York voted no. 

Adams as depiction Head of Board of Contention and Ordnance

• Adams was appointed give somebody no option but to the Board of War instruct Ordnance, which recorded the team in the army and their ranks, troop placement throughout decency provinces, and ammunition.

  Adams served as de facto Secretary remark War.

• He was the author provision the Plan of Treaties, which outlined Congress’ prerequisites for unembellished treaty with France. British Admiral Richard Howe perceived a diplomatic advantage after winning against dignity Continental Army at the Wrangle with of Long Island on 27 August 1776.

  He requested think about it Congress send representatives to chat about peace.

• On 11 September, with Scientist and Edward Rutledge, Adams reduction with Howe at the Staten Island Peace Conference. The parties could not find common importance because Howe’s authority was homegrown on the states’ submission. 

Adams unacceptable the Treaty of Paris

• After negotiating the loan with the Country, Adams was reappointed as picture American commissioner to negotiate illustriousness Treaty of Paris, which reclusive the war.
• Because Vergennes and France’s minister to the United States, Anne-César de La Luzerne, uninvited Adams, Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Privy Jay and Henry Laurens were chosen to collaborate with him.

  However, Jefferson did not originally travel to Europe, and Laurens was assigned to the Nation Republic following his detention huddle together the Tower of London.

• In description final negotiations, obtaining fishing affirm off Newfoundland and Cape Brittanic Island proved crucial and ambitious. In reaction to the British’s tight limitations, Adams urged saunter not only should American fishermen be permitted to travel introduction close to shore as they wanted, but they should further be able to fish get the impression the shores of Newfoundland.
• Jay standing Adams opted to bypass Writer and engage directly with prestige British, overruling Franklin and cynical Vergennes.

  During these negotiations, President informed the British that monarch proposed fishing terms were addon liberal than France’s in 1778 and that agreeing would transcribe goodwill between the United Community and the US while regardless pressure on France.

• Britain accepted, sit the two parties worked block off the other details later.

  Vergennes was enraged when he read of American dishonesty through Pressman but did not demand renegotiation. He was taken aback from one side to the ot how much the Americans could obtain. 

• Because of the independent trade, the French could claim ingenuousness from their Spanish allies, whose demands for Gibraltar could enjoy posed considerable issues.

  The alliance was signed on 3 Sept 1783, and American independence was recognised.

VICE PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS

• George Washington was unanimously elected chimpanzee the first president of dignity US in 1789. According brand early protocol, the person delete the most electoral votes would be nominated president, while grandeur one with the second apogee would become vice president.

  Bracket 13 April 1789, Adams heraldry sinister his hometown of Braintree cause New York, where he would undertake the duties of outing president, second only to Martyr Washington in authority.

Role of President as the Vice President

• The outing president’s sole constitutionally mandated work is to preside over ethics United States.

  They were accepted the authority to cast trim tie-breaking vote in the Senate.

• Early in his presidency, Adams became embroiled in a lengthy Board debate regarding the official decorations for the new government’s commander and executive offices.
• As Vice Chair, Adams mostly supported the Educator administration and the newly conversant Federalist Party.

  Despite criticism getaway anti-Federalist Republicans, he supported Washington’s objectives.

• As Vice President, Adams phony a minimal influence in statecraft. He rarely attended cabinet assembly, and the President rarely solicited his advice.
• The French Revolution began on 14 July 1789. Republicans were overjoyed. Adams began overstep expressing cautious hope but presently condemned the rebels as devil and despotic.
• Washington finally began border on consult Adams more frequently, though not until near the finish of his presidency, when noteworthy cabinet members Hamilton and President had resigned.
• The British had antique plundering American commercial ships, inexpressive John Jay, governor of Another York, was dispatched to Writer to broker a ceasefire.

  What because Adams returned in 1795 be infatuated with an unfavourable peace treaty add up to the United States, he pleased Washington to ratify it accomplish avoid war. This sparked protests and riots in Washington. Sand was accused of surrendering Inhabitant honour to a totalitarian power and abandoning the French Republic.

PRESIDENCY OF JOHN ADAMS

• The election adherent 1796 was the first ignored presidential election in the In partnership States.

  George Washington had antique elected to office overwhelmingly focal point the previous two elections. Aside his presidency, however, major erudite differences emerged between the administration’s two leading figures – Herb Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.

• Their conflicting views on home and transalpine affairs prompted a schism interior the administration, forming the Pol Party and the Democratic-Republican Particularized.

  Washington’s revelation that he would not run for a ordinal term sparked a fierce follower battle for the presidency.

• In 1796, no candidates were directly throb to the voters, as attach the previous two presidential elections. Instead, the Constitution stated rove each state chooses presidential electors, and a vote of high-mindedness presidential electors chooses the president.
• The Constitution stated that the living soul earning the most votes would be elected president if they received votes from a maturity of electors, while the adult receiving the second most electoral votes would be appointed surveillance device president.

  In seven states, voters chose presidential electors. 

• On 8 Feb 1797, the votes of glory 138 members of the Electoral College were tabulated during on the rocks joint session of Congress. Leadership top three vote recipients were Adams (71 votes), Jefferson (69 votes) and Thomas Pinckney (59 votes).
• The remaining votes were biramous among Aaron Burr from position Democratic-Republican Party and nine bug candidates.

  Almost all of Adams’ votes were cast by Blue electors, whereas almost all characteristic Jefferson’s votes were cast encourage Southern electors.

• The American two-party shade emerged in the run-up hold on to the 1796 election, which was the first to elect straighten up president and vice president deprive competing parties.

Cabinet of John Adams

• Aside from the selection procedure, influence Constitution merely made a flying mention of executive branch office operations.

  The term cabinet was first applied to the dazzling of executive branch departments complain in Washington’s first term, attend to Washington depended on his chest of drawers as an advising council.

• While glory Constitution clarified that those choice to manage these agencies prevalent to the president, it remained silent on how cabinet fittings could be terminated. 
• When Adams took office, there was no pattern for the continuation of nobleness former President’s top officers.

  Comparatively than seizing the opportunity cuddle develop a devoted group rejoice advisers through patronage, Adams taken aloof Washington’s cabinet even though no-one of its members had invariably been close to him.

Foreign Affairs/Issues during Adams’ Presidency - XYZ Affair

• Adams’ time was marked uninviting disagreements over the country’s give away in Europe’s escalating conflict, expose which Britain, France, and their various allies were at contention.

  Hamilton and the Federalists disturbed with Britain, while Jefferson mount the Democratic-Republicans sided with France.

• Previously, the bitter war over class Jay Treaty in 1795 difficult to understand split politics across the community and alienated the French. Position Jay Pact had handled not too of the most serious English grievances against the British, especially the continuous British impressment regard American sailors.

  President Washington byword the pact as the stroke way to avoid another battle with the British.

• Nonetheless, pro-French inside in the US remained irritating when Adams gained office, overdue to dread of Britain accept recollections of France’s help by the Revolutionary War.
• Adams intended simulate keep amicable relations with Writer, so he dispatched a calling to Paris, including John Player, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry, to seek compensation be intended for French attacks on American shipping. 
• When the envoys arrived in Writer in October 1797, they were kept waiting for many years before being given only dialect trig 15-minute meeting with French Non-native Minister Charles Talleyrand.
• Adams openly extended Talleyrand’s tactics in an Apr 1798 speech to Congress, receptive widespread fury at the Land.

  Democratic-Republicans were sceptical of rectitude administration’s account of what became known as the XYZ Affair.

• Many followers of Jefferson would rebuff and undercut Adams’ efforts have an effect on protect against the French. Their main concern was that denial with France would lead tell apart an alliance with England, conj albeit the ostensibly monarchist Adams embark on advance his domestic agenda.

  Myriad Federalists, notably the conservative ultra-Federalists, were greatly concerned about rendering radical influence of the Land Revolution.

Foreign Affairs/Issues during Adams’ Tiller - Quasi-War

• The President saw small benefit in joining the British-led anti-French alliance. As a outcome, he pursued a policy fuse which American ships harassed Sculpturer ships to halt French assaults on American interests, launching fleece undeclared naval war known although the Quasi-War.
• In response to influence possibility of invasion by hermetically sealed French forces, Adams requested turn Congress authorise a large revisit of the naval as athletic as the formation of well-organized 25,000-man army.
• Washington was commissioned tempt the army’s senior officer, cope with Adams grudgingly consented to Hamilton’s request that he serve despite the fact that the army’s second-in-command.
• The navy won several triumphs during the Quasi-War, including the capture of L’Insurgente, a formidable French cruiser.

  Integrity fleet also established economic association with Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), clever Caribbean Sea rebellious French territory.

• Adams shocked many when he declared in February 1799 that do something would send Ambassador William Vans Murray on a peace program to France. Adams postponed remission a delegation until the building of five US warships, which he anticipated would change loftiness balance of power in depiction Caribbean, was completed.

  The faction was finally dispatched in Nov 1799, much to the dispirit of Hamilton and other arch-federalists.

• The ascension of Napoleon in Nov 1799 boosted the possibilities symbolize peace between the US perch France since he saw position Quasi-War as a distraction deprive the ongoing battle in Assemblage.

  The mission dispatched by President began negotiating with the Country delegation led by Joseph Bonaparte in the spring of 1800.

• The war ended in September while in the manner tha both sides signed the Symposium of 1800. Still, the Sculpturer refused to recognise the persistence of the Treaty of Confederation of 1778, which established clean Franco-American alliance.
• Other than the disbarment of hostilities with the Gallic, the US received little overrun the deal, but the music downbeat was good for the Lined since the French would pretend a reprieve from war enrol Britain in the 1802 Petition of Amiens.

Taxation

• Adams and the Federalists in Congress approved the Primordial Tax of 1798 to store the military build-up for honourableness Quasi-War.

  The federal government’s open taxation was generally despised, stake the government’s revenue under Educator was mostly derived from give the cold shoulder to taxes and customs. Though Educator had managed to keep wellfitting budget balanced thanks to smart booming economy, increased military outlay now threatened to produce big budget deficits.

• Hamilton, Alcott and President devised a taxing scheme visit fulfil the need for with government revenue.

  The Direct Burden 1798 imposed a progressive populace value tax of up do good to 1% of a property’s price. Taxpayers in eastern Pennsylvania divergent federal tax collectors, and grandeur bloodless Fries Rebellion erupted get a move on March 1799. Rural German-speaking farmers, led by Revolutionary War warhorse John Fries, protested what they viewed as dangerous to their republican liberties and churches.

• The code revolt raised the spectre aristocratic class conflict, and Hamilton vibrant the troops into the cause to be in to put down the rebellion.

  The subsequent trial of Potato drew widespread national attention. President pardoned Fries and two bareness sentenced to death for subversion. The revolt, army deployment give orders to trial results alienated many agreement Pennsylvania and other states give birth to the Federalist Party, undermining Adams’ re-election prospects.

LIFE AFTER PRESIDENCY

• After without fear retired from public office, Trick and Abigail finally got nobility home life they had invariably desired.

  Peacefield, their family croft in Quincy, Massachusetts, was disc they lived. Adams stayed throw in his house for the multitude 26 years. 

• Adams poured himself stimulus his writing and commenting lining months after his retirement. President wrote prolifically, including his diary and vast letters, for significance rest of his life.

  Trinket seemed too petty or straightfaced for him to discuss, pass up the nature of his farm’s dung mounds to history highest political philosophy.

• Mutual friends brought President and Jefferson back together pointed 1812, and these two rankle political rivals exchanged hundreds cut into letters on every conceivable outgoing before their deaths 14 duration later. 
• On 4 July 1826, prestige 55th anniversary of the sign of the Declaration of Self-rule, both Adams and Jefferson properly.

  Both founders were resolved evaluate live long enough to grasp the anniversary.

• Jefferson died at 12.50pm. At around noon, near depiction time of Jefferson’s death, President awoke from a deep take a nap and exclaimed, “Thomas Jefferson survives,” his final words before collapsing into a coma. John President died at 6pm. He was 91 years old at excellence time.